The Coulomb force is an attractive force if the signs of charges are different and repulsive force if the signs of charges are the same. The law of the pendant in simple words

The concept of electricity. Electrification. Conductors, semiconductors and dielectrics. Elementary charge and its properties. Coulomb's Law. Electric field strength. The principle of superposition. Electric field as a manifestation of interaction. The electric field of an elementary dipole.

The term electricity comes from the Greek word electron (amber).

Electrification is the process of communicating an electrical

charge. This term was introduced in the 16th century by the English scientist and physician Gilbert.

ELECTRIC CHARGE IS A PHYSICAL SCALAR VALUE CHARACTERIZING THE PROPERTIES OF BODIES OR PARTICLES TO ENTER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS, AND DETERMINING THE POWER AND ENERGY OF THESE INTERACTION.

Properties of electric charges:

1. In nature, there are two types of electric charges. Positive (occur on shabby glass on the skin) and negative (occur on shabby ebony on the fur).

2. Similar charges repel, opposite charges attract.

3. An electric charge DOES NOT EXIST WITHOUT PARTICLES OF A CHARGE CARRIER (electron, proton, positron, etc.). For example, an electron or other elementary charged particles cannot be charged.

4. The electric charge is discrete, i.e. the charge of any body is an integer multiple of elemental electric charge e(e \u003d1.6 10 -19 C). Electron (t e= 9,11 10 -31 kg) and proton (t p \u003d 1.67 10 -27 kg) are respectively carriers of elementary negative and positive charges. (Particles with fractional electric charge are known: – 1/3 e and2/3 e - this is   quarks and antique but they were not found in a free state).

5. Electric charge - value relativistically invariant , those. It does not depend on the reference frame, which means it does not depend on whether this charge moves or is at rest.

6. From the synthesis of experimental data established fundamental law of nature - charge conservation law: algebraic sum

ma electric charges of any closed system(a system that does not exchange charges with external bodies) remains unchanged, no matter what happens inside this system.

The law was experimentally confirmed in 1843 by an English physicist

M. Faraday (1791-1867) and others, confirmed by the birth and annihilation of particles and antiparticles.

Unit of electric charge (derivative unit, as it is determined through a unit of current strength) - pendant (C): 1 C - an electric charge,

passing through the cross section of the conductor with a current strength of 1 A for a time of 1 s.

All bodies in nature are able to electrify, i.e. acquire an electric charge. Electrification of bodies can be carried out in various ways: by contact (friction), electrostatic induction

etc. Each charging process is reduced to the separation of charges, in which an excess of a positive charge appears on one of the bodies (or part of the body), and an excess of a negative charge on the other (or another part of the body). The total number of charges of both signs contained in the bodies does not change: these charges are only redistributed between the bodies.

Electrification of bodies is possible because bodies are composed of charged particles. In the process of electrification of bodies, electrons and ions that are in a free state can move. Protons remain in the nuclei.

Depending on the concentration of free charges of the body are divided into conductors, dielectrics and semiconductors.

Conductors- bodies in which an electric charge can mix throughout its volume. Conductors are divided into two groups:

1) conductors of the first kind (metals) - transfer to

of them charges (free electrons) is not accompanied by chemical

transformations;

2) conductors of the second kind (e.g. molten salts,

acid targets) - transfer of charges (positive and negative)

ions) leads to chemical changes.

Dielectrics(for example, glass, plastics) - bodies in which there are practically no free charges.

Semiconductors (e.g. germanium, silicon) occupy

intermediate position between conductors and dielectrics. The indicated division of bodies is very arbitrary, but the large difference in the concentrations of free charges in them causes enormous qualitative differences in their behavior and therefore justifies the division of bodies into conductors, dielectrics, and semiconductors.

ELECTROSTATICS   - science of fixed charges

Coulomb's Law.

Law of interaction fixed point electric charges

Experimentally installed in 1785 by S. Coulomb using torsion scales.

similar to those used by G. Cavendish to determine the gravitational constant (earlier this law was discovered by G. Cavendish, but his work remained unknown for more than 100 years).

Point chargecalled a charged body or particle, the dimensions of which can be neglected, compared with the distance to them.

Coulomb's law: the force of interaction between two fixed point charges located in a vacuumproportional to charges q 1and q 2and inversely proportional to the square of the distance r between them :

k - proportionality coefficient depending on the choice of system

In SI

Value ε 0 called electric constant; she refers to

the number fundamental physical constants and is equal to:

ε 0 \u003d 8.85 ∙ 10 -12 C 2 / N ∙ m 2

in vector form, Coulomb's law in vacuum has the form:

where is the radius of the vector connecting the second charge with the first, F 12 is the force acting from the second charge on the first.

The accuracy of the implementation of the Coulomb law at large distances, up to

10 7 m, installed in the study of the magnetic field using satellites

in near-Earth space. The accuracy of its implementation at small distances, up to 10 -17 m, verified by experiments on the interaction of elementary particles.

Coulomb Law in the medium

In all media, the force of the Coulomb interaction is less than the force of interaction in vacuum or air. A physical quantity that shows how many times the force of electrostatic interaction in vacuum is greater than in a given medium is called the dielectric constant of the medium and is indicated by the letter ε.

ε \u003d F in vacuum / F in medium

The law of the pendant in general form in SI:

Properties of the Coulomb forces.

1. Coulomb forces are forces of the central type, because   directed along the line connecting the charges

Coulomb force is an attractive force if the signs of charges are different and repulsive force if the signs of charges are the same

3. For Coulomb forces, Newton’s 3 law is valid.

4. Coulomb forces obey the principle of independence or superposition, because the force of interaction between two point charges will not change when they appear near other charges. The resulting force of electrostatic interaction acting on a given charge is equal to the vector sum of the forces of interaction of a given charge with each charge of the system separately.

F \u003d F 12 + F 13 + F 14 + ∙∙∙ + F 1 N

Interactions between charges are carried out by means of an electric field. An electric field is a special form of the existence of matter through which the interaction of electric charges takes place. An electric field manifests itself in that it acts with force on any other charge introduced into this field. An electrostatic field is created by motionless electric charges and propagates in space with a finite velocity c.

The power characteristic of an electric field is called intensity.

Tensionelectric at a point is called a physical quantity equal to the ratio of the force with which the field acts on a positive test charge placed at a given point to the modulus of this charge.

The field strength of a point charge q:

Superposition principle:the electric field generated by the system of charges at a given point in space is equal to the vector sum of the electric field created at this point by each charge individually (in the absence of other charges).

Publications based on D. Giancoli. "Physics in two volumes" 1984, Volume 2.

Between electric charges a force acts. How does it depend on the magnitude of the charges and other factors?
  This question was investigated in the 1780s by the French physicist Charles Coulomb (1736-1806). He used torsion scales, very similar to those used by Cavendish to determine the gravitational constant.
  If there is a charge towards the ball at the end of the rod suspended on the thread, the rod deviates slightly, the thread twists, and the angle of rotation of the thread will be proportional to the force acting between the charges (torsion balance). Using this device, Coulomb determined the dependence of the force on the magnitude of the charges and the distance between them.

In those days, there were still no devices for accurately determining the magnitude of the charge, but Coulomb was able to prepare small balls with a known ratio of charges. If the charged conductive ball, he reasoned, was brought into contact with the exact same uncharged ball, then the charge on the first, due to symmetry, would be distributed equally between the two balls.
  This gave him the opportunity to receive charges of 1/2, 1/4, etc. from the original.
  Despite some difficulties associated with the induction of charges, Coulomb was able to prove that the force with which one charged body acts on another small charged body is directly proportional to the electric charge of each of them.
In other words, if the charge of any of these bodies is doubled, then the force will double; if at the same time double the charges of both bodies, then the force will be four times more. This is true provided that the distance between the bodies remains constant.
  Changing the distance between the bodies, Coulomb found that the force acting between them is inversely proportional to the square of the distance: if the distance is, say, doubled, the force becomes four times smaller.

So, Coulomb concluded, the force with which one small charged body (in the ideal case, a point charge, i.e., a body, like a material point without spatial dimensions) acts on another charged body, is proportional to the product of their charges Q   1 and Q   2 and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them:

Here k   -proportionality coefficient.
  This ratio is known as Coulomb's law; its validity is confirmed by thorough experiments, much more accurate than the initial hard-to-reproduce experiments of Coulomb. The exponent 2 is currently set with an accuracy of 10 -16, i.e. it is 2 ± 2 × 10 -16.

Since we are now dealing with a new quantity - an electric charge, we can choose a unit of measure such that the constant k in the formula is equal to one. Indeed, such a system of units was recently widely used in physics.

We are talking about the GHS system (centimeter-gram-second), which uses the electrostatic charge unit of the GHS. By definition, two small bodies, each with a charge of 1 GGE, located at a distance of 1 cm from each other, interact with a force of 1 dyne.

Now, however, the charge is most often expressed in the SI system, where its unit is the pendant (C).
  The exact definition of the pendant through electric current and magnetic field will be given later.
  In the SI system, the constant k   has value k   \u003d 8.988 × 10 9 Nm 2 / Cl 2.

The charges arising from the friction electrification of ordinary objects (combs, plastic rulers, etc.) are in order of magnitude a microcoulomb and less (1 μC \u003d 10 -6 C).
  The electron charge (negative) is approximately equal to 1,602 × 10 -19 C. This is the smallest charge known; it is of fundamental importance and is indicated by the symbol e, it is often called an elementary charge.
e   \u003d (1.6021892 ± 0.0000046) × 10 -19 C, or e   ≈ 1,602 × 10 -19 Cl.

Since the body cannot gain or lose the fraction of an electron, the total charge of the body must be an integer multiple of the elementary charge. They say that the charge is quantized (i.e., it can take only discrete values). However, since the charge of an electron e   very small, we usually don’t notice the discreteness of macroscopic charges (about 10 13 electrons correspond to a charge of 1 μC) and consider the charge to be continuous.

Coulomb's formula characterizes the force with which one charge acts on another. This force is directed along the line connecting the charges. If the signs of the charges are the same, then the forces acting on the charges are directed in opposite directions. If the signs of the charges are different, then the forces acting on the charges are directed towards each other.
  Note that, in accordance with Newton’s third law, the force with which one charge acts on another is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force with which the second charge acts on the first.
  Coulomb's law can be written in vector form similar to Newton's law of universal gravitation:

where F   12 is the vector of the force acting on the charge Q1 charge side Q2,
  - distance between charges,
  is a unit vector directed from Q2 to Q1.
  It should be borne in mind that the formula is applicable only to bodies whose distance between them is much larger than their own dimensions. In the ideal case, these are point charges. For bodies of finite size it is not always clear how to count the distance r   between them, especially since the charge distribution can be heterogeneous. If both bodies are spheres with a uniform charge distribution, then r   means the distance between the centers of the spheres. It is also important to understand that the formula determines the force acting on a given charge from the side of a single charge. If the system includes several (or many) charged bodies, then the resulting force acting on a given charge will be the resultant (vector sum) of forces acting on the other charges. The constant k in the formula of the Coulomb Law is usually expressed through another constant, ε 0 , the so-called electric constant, which is associated with k   the ratio k \u003d1/ (4πε 0). With this in mind, the Coulomb law can be rewritten as follows:

where with the highest accuracy today

or rounded

Writing most of the other equations of electromagnetic theory is easier when using ε 0 , because the 4π   the final result is often reduced. Therefore, we will usually use the Law of Coulomb, believing that:

Coulomb's law describes the force acting between two resting charges. When charges move, additional forces arise between them, and we will discuss them in subsequent chapters. Here, only resting charges are considered; this section of the doctrine of electricity is called electrostatics.

To be continued. Briefly about the following publication:

An electric field is one of the two components of an electromagnetic field, which is a vector field existing around bodies or particles with an electric charge, or arising from a change in the magnetic field.

Comments and suggestions are accepted and welcome!

In electrostatics, one of the fundamental is Coulomb's law. It is used in physics to determine the force of interaction of two fixed point charges or the distance between them. This is a fundamental law of nature, which does not depend on any other laws. Then the shape of the real body does not affect the magnitude of the forces. In this article, we will describe in simple terms the Coulomb law and its application in practice.

Discovery story

Sh.O. The pendant in 1785 for the first time experimentally proved the interactions described by law. In his experiments, he used special torsion scales. However, back in 1773, it was proved by Cavendish, using the example of a spherical capacitor, that there is no electric field inside the sphere. This suggests that the electrostatic forces vary with the distance between the bodies. To be more precise - squared distance. Then his studies were not published. Historically, this discovery was named after Coulomb, and the quantity in which the charge is measured has a similar name.

Wording

The definition of Coulomb's law states: In a vacuumF interaction of two charged bodies is directly proportional to the product of their modules and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

It sounds short, but it may not be clear to everyone. In simple words: The greater the charge the bodies have and the closer they are to each other, the greater the strength.

And vice versa: If you increase the distance between the charges - the force will become less.

The formula of the Coulomb rule looks like this:

The designation of the letters: q is the magnitude of the charge, r is the distance between them, k is the coefficient, depends on the selected system of units.

The magnitude of the charge q can be conditionally positive or conditionally negative. This division is very arbitrary. When the bodies touch, it can be transmitted from one to another. It follows that the same body can have a charge of a different magnitude and sign. A point charge is a charge or body whose dimensions are much smaller than the distance of a possible interaction.

It should be borne in mind that the medium in which the charges are located affects the F interaction. Since it is almost equal in air and in vacuum, the discovery of Coulomb is applicable only to these media, this is one of the conditions for applying this type of formula. As already mentioned, in the SI system, the unit of charge is Coulomb, abbreviated Cl. It characterizes the amount of electricity per unit time. It is derived from the basic units of SI.

1 C \u003d 1 A * 1 s

It is worth noting that the dimension of 1 C is excessive. Due to the fact that the carriers are repelled from each other, it is difficult to keep them in a small body, although the current in 1A is small, if it flows in the conductor. For example, a current of 0.5 A flows in the same 100 W incandescent lamp, and more than 10 A. in an electric heater. This force (1 C) is approximately equal to the mass of 1 ton acting on the body from the side of the globe.

You may have noticed that the formula is practically the same as in the gravitational interaction, only if masses appear in Newtonian mechanics, then charges in electrostatics.

Coulomb formula for a dielectric medium

The coefficient taking into account the values \u200b\u200bof the SI system is determined in N 2 * m 2 / C 2. It is equal to:

In many textbooks, this coefficient can be found in the form of a fraction:

Here E 0 \u003d 8.85 * 10-12 Kl2 / N * m2 is the electric constant. For a dielectric, E is the dielectric constant of the medium, then the Coulomb law can be used to calculate the forces of interaction of charges for vacuum and medium.

Given the influence of the dielectric, it has the form:

From here we see that the introduction of a dielectric between bodies reduces the force F.

How are forces directed

Charges interact with each other depending on their polarity - identical charges repel each other, and opposite (opposite) attracts.

By the way, this is the main difference from the similar law of gravitational interaction, where bodies are always attracted. The forces are directed along the line drawn between them, called the radius vector. In physics they designate as r 12 and as a radius vector from the first to the second charge and vice versa. The forces are directed from the center of the charge to the opposite charge along this line, if the charges are opposite, and in the opposite direction, if they are of the same name (two positive or two negative). In vector form:

The force applied to the first charge from the side of the second is denoted as F 12. Then in vector form the Coulomb law looks like this:

To determine the force applied to the second charge, the notation F 21 and R 21 are used.

If the body has a complex shape and it is large enough that at a given distance it cannot be considered as a point, then it is divided into small sections and each section is considered as a point charge. After geometric addition of all the resulting vectors, the resulting force is obtained. Atoms and molecules interact with each other according to the same law.

Practical application

Coulomb's work is very important in electrostatics; in practice, it is used in a number of inventions and devices. A striking example is the lightning rod. With its help, buildings and electrical installations are protected from thunderstorms, thereby preventing fire and equipment failure. When it rains with a thunderstorm on the earth an induced charge of a large magnitude appears, they are attracted to the side of the cloud. It turns out that a large electric field appears on the surface of the earth. Near the tip of the lightning rod, it has a large value, as a result of which a corona discharge is ignited from the tip (from the ground, through the lightning rod to the cloud). The charge from the earth is attracted to the opposite charge of the cloud, according to the law of Coulomb. Air is ionized, and the electric field decreases near the end of the lightning rod. Thus, charges do not accumulate on the building, in which case the probability of a lightning strike is small. If a blow to the building does occur, then through lightning protection all the energy will go to the ground.

In serious scientific research, the greatest construction of the 21st century is used - the particle accelerator. In it, an electric field does the work of increasing the particle energy. Considering these processes from the point of view of the impact on a point charge by a group of charges, then all the relationships of the law turn out to be valid.

Useful

Law of Coulomb is a law that describes the forces of interaction between point electric charges.

The modulus of the interaction force of two point charges in a vacuum is directly proportional to the product of the moduli of these charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

Otherwise: Two point charges in vacuum   act on each other with forces that are proportional to the product of the modules of these charges, inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them and are directed along the straight line connecting these charges. These forces are called electrostatic (Coulomb).

It is important to note that in order for the law to be true, it is necessary:

the point nature of charges - that is, the distance between charged bodies is much larger than their size - however, it can be proved that the interaction force of two body-distributed charges with spherically symmetric disjoint spatial distributions is equal to the interaction force of two equivalent point charges placed at centers of spherical symmetry;

their stillness. Otherwise, additional effects take effect: a magnetic field   moving charge and the corresponding additional lorentz forceacting on another moving charge;

interaction in vacuum.

However, with some adjustments, the law is also valid for interactions of charges in a medium and for moving charges.

In vector form, in the wording of C. Coulomb, the law is written as follows:

where is the force with which charge 1 acts on charge 2; - value of charges; - radius vector (vector directed from charge 1 to charge 2, and equal, in absolute value, to the distance between charges -); - coefficient of proportionality. Thus, the law indicates that homonymous charges repel (and oppositely charged ones attract).

IN TSAG unit   charge selected so that the coefficient k   equal to one.

IN International System of Units (SI)   one of the basic units is the unit electric current ampere, and the unit of charge is pendant   - derivative of it. Ampere value is determined in such a way that k   \u003d c 2 · 10 −7 Mr./ m \u003d 8.987551787368176410 9 NM 2 / Cl   2 (or Ф −1 · m). SI factor k   is written as:

where ≈ 8.85418781710 −12 F / m - electric constant.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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✪ Lesson 213. Electric charges and their interaction. Pendant law

✪ 8 cl - 106. Coulomb's Law

✪ Coulomb Law

✪ physics PENDANT LAW problem solving

✪ Lesson 215. Tasks on the law of Coulomb - 1

Subtitles

Wording

The force of interaction of two point charges in a vacuum is directed along the straight line connecting these charges, is proportional to their values \u200b\u200band inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. It is an attractive force if the signs of charges are different, and a repulsive force if these signs are the same.

It is important to note that in order for the law to be true, it is necessary:

1. The precision of charges, that is, the distance between charged bodies should be much larger than their sizes. However, it can be proved that the interaction force of two volumetric distributed charges with spherically symmetric disjoint spatial distributions is equal to the interaction force of two equivalent point charges placed at centers of spherical symmetry;
2. Their stillness. Otherwise, additional effects take effect: the magnetic field of a moving charge and the corresponding additional Lorentz force acting on another moving charge;
3. Arrangement of charges in a vacuum.

However, with some adjustments, the law is also valid for charge interactions in a medium and for moving charges.

In vector form, in the wording of C. Coulomb, the law is written as follows:

   F → 12 \u003d k ⋅ q 1 ⋅ q 2 r 12 2 ⋅ r → 12 r 12, (\\ displaystyle (\\ vec (F)) _ (12) \u003d k \\ cdot (\\ frac (q_ (1) \\ cdot q_ (2)) (r_ (12) ^ (2))) \\ cdot (\\ frac ((\\ vec (r)) _ (12)) (r_ (12))),)

where    F → 12 (\\ displaystyle (\\ vec (F)) _ (12))   - the force with which charge 1 acts on charge 2;    q 1, q 2 (\\ displaystyle q_ (1), q_ (2))   - value of charges;    r → 12 (\\ displaystyle (\\ vec (r)) _ (12))   - radius vector (a vector directed from charge 1 to charge 2, and equal, in absolute value, to the distance between charges -    r 12 (\\ displaystyle r_ (12)));    k (\\ displaystyle k)   - coefficient of proportionality.

Coefficient k

   k \u003d 1 ε. (\\ displaystyle k \u003d (\\ frac (1) (\\ varepsilon)).)    k \u003d 1 4 π ε ε 0. (\\ displaystyle k \u003d (\\ frac (1) (4 \\ pi \\ varepsilon \\ varepsilon _ (0))).)

Coulomb's law in quantum mechanics

Coulomb's law in terms of quantum electrodynamics

History

For the first time to investigate experimentally the law of interaction of electrically charged bodies proposed G.V. Richmann in 1752-1753. He intended to use the “pointer” electrometer he designed for this. The implementation of this plan was prevented by the tragic death of Richmann.

About 11 years before Coulomb, in 1771, the law of interaction of charges was experimentally discovered by G. Cavendish, but the result was not published and for a long time (over 100 years) remained unknown. The manuscripts of Cavendish were handed to D. K. Maxwell only in 1874 by one of the descendants of Cavendish at the grand opening of the Cavendish Laboratory and published in 1879.

Coulomb himself was engaged in the study of torsion of threads and invented torsion scales. He discovered his law by measuring with them the forces of interaction of charged balls.

Coulomb Law, Superposition Principle, and Maxwell Equations

The degree of accuracy of Coulomb's law

Coulomb's Law is an experimentally established fact. His justice has been repeatedly confirmed by increasingly accurate experiments. One of the directions of such experiments is to check whether the exponent differs r   in the law from 2. To search for this difference, the fact is used that if the degree is exactly equal to two, then the field inside the cavity in the conductor is absent, whatever the shape of the cavity or conductor.

Such experiments were first conducted by Cavendish and Maxwell repeated in an improved form, having obtained for the maximum difference in the exponent from two values    1 21600 (\\ displaystyle (\\ frac (1) (21600)))

The experiments conducted in 1971 in the USA by E. R. Williams, D. E. Foller, and G. A. Hill showed that the exponent in the Coulomb law is 2 up to an accuracy    (3, 1 ± 2, 7) × 10 - 16 (\\ displaystyle (3,1 \\ pm 2,7) \\ times 10 ^ (- 16)) .

To verify the accuracy of the Coulomb law at intra-atomic distances, W. Yu. Lamb and R. Rutherford in 1947 used measurements of the relative arrangement of hydrogen energy levels. It was found that even at distances of the order of atomic 10–8 cm, the exponent in the Coulomb law differs from 2 by no more than 10 −9.

Coefficient    k (\\ displaystyle k)   in the law of Coulomb remains constant with an accuracy of 15⋅10 −6.

Amendments to Coulomb's law in quantum electrodynamics

At short distances (of the order of the Compton wavelength of an electron,    λ e \u003d ℏ m e c (\\ displaystyle \\ lambda _ (e) \u003d (\\ tfrac (\\ hbar) (m_ (e) c)))≈3.86⋅10 −13 m, where    m e (\\ displaystyle m_ (e))   is the mass of the electron,    ℏ (\\ displaystyle \\ hbar)   - Planck constant,    c (\\ displaystyle c) - the speed of light), the nonlinear effects of quantum electrodynamics become important: the generation of virtual electron-positron (as well as muon-antimuon and taon-antiton) pairs is superimposed on the exchange of virtual photons, and the effect of screening is also reduced (see renormalization). Both effects lead to the appearance of exponentially decreasing order terms    e - 2 r / λ e (\\ displaystyle e ^ (- 2r / \\ lambda _ (e)))   in the expression for the potential energy of interaction of charges and, as a result, an increase in the force of interaction compared with that calculated according to the Coulomb law.

   Φ (r) \u003d Q r ⋅ (1 + α 4 π e - 2 r / λ e (r / λ e) 3/2), (\\ displaystyle \\ Phi (r) \u003d (\\ frac (Q) (r) ) \\ cdot \\ left (1 + (\\ frac (\\ alpha) (4 (\\ sqrt (\\ pi)))) (\\ frac (e ^ (- 2r / \\ lambda _ (e))) ((r / \\ λ e (\\ displaystyle \\ lambda _ (e))

where   is the Compton wavelength of the electron,    α \u003d e 2 ℏ c (\\ displaystyle \\ alpha \u003d (\\ tfrac (e ^ (2)) (\\ hbar c)))   - fine structure constant and    r ≫ λ e (\\ displaystyle r \\ gg \\ lambda _ (e)) At order distances.

   λ W \u003d ℏ m w c (\\ displaystyle \\ lambda _ (W) \u003d (\\ tfrac (\\ hbar) (m_ (w) c))) ~ 10 −18 m, where   m w (\\ displaystyle m_ (w))   - the mass of the W-boson, electroweak effects come into play. In strong external electromagnetic fields, which make up a significant fraction of the breakdown field of a vacuum (of the order

   m e c 2 e λ e (\\ displaystyle (\\ tfrac (m_ (e) c ^ (2)) (e \\ lambda _ (e)))) ~ 10 18 V / m or   m e c e λ e (\\ displaystyle (\\ tfrac (m_ (e) c) (e \\ lambda _ (e)))) ~ 10 9 T, such fields are observed, for example, near certain types of neutron stars, namely magnetars) Coulomb's law is also violated due to the Delbrück scattering of exchange photons by photons of an external field and other, more complex nonlinear effects. This phenomenon reduces the Coulomb force, not only at the microscopic but also at the macroscale, in particular, in a strong magnetic field, the Coulomb potential decreases not inversely with the distance, but exponentially.Coulomb's Law and Vacuum Polarization

Coulomb's Law and Superheavy Nuclei

The significance of Coulomb's law in the history of science

Coulomb's law is the first open quantitative and formulated in mathematical language fundamental law for electromagnetic phenomena. With the discovery of Coulomb's law, the modern science of electromagnetism began.

see also

References

Coulomb's Law (video tutorial, grade 10 program)

• Notes

Sivukhin D.V.

1. {!LANG-a50f85f53d5d9e6bdc13fe8b8c9daacc!} General physics course. - M.: Fizmatlit; MIPT Publishing House, 2004 .-- T. III. Electricity. - S. 17. - 656 p. - ISBN 5-9221-0227-3.
2. Landau L. D., Lifshits E. M. Theoretical Physics: Textbook. manual: For universities. In 10 t. T. 2 Field Theory. - 8th ed., Stereo. - M .: FIZMATLIT, 2001 .-- 536 p. -